PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts Of Speech

Parts of speech : There are eight parts of speech in English.

1. Noun 2.Pronoun 3.Adjective 4.Verb 5.Adverb 6.Preposition 7.Conjunction 8.Interjection.

1.Noun (नाम) -

 The name of person,place  things etc. is called noun. Example - Apurva, Mumbai,Computer etc.

    Types of nouns(नामाचे प्रकार) : 

There are main two types of nouns,

1.Proper nouns : Specially such names are given or put to the particular persons, animals and places etc. are called proper nouns. Example : Godavari, Delhi,Moti,Ganga, Mt.Everest,etc.

2.Common nouns : We know about proper nouns.Rest of it,all the nouns are common nouns.Example : girl,table,river,boy,etc.

Common nouns are divided into the following types.

1.countable nouns and uncountable nouns : Things or animals whose are count easily in the numbers are called countable nouns.Example: pen,book,country,road,mile etc.

And some things we can't count in the numbers are called uncountable nouns.Example : Hair,sky,fire,water,fun etc.

2.Collective nouns : Some common nouns are used for the groups of people or things are called collective nouns.Example : A class of students,a list of names,a herd of cattle,a flock of birds,a set of cards,a bundle of sticks etc.

3.Concrete nouns : Some nouns that we can easily see with our naked eyes or touch it,those are called concrete nouns.Example : school,home,cards, butterflies,child etc.

4.Abstract nouns : Such nouns are used to indicate idea, feelings, emoticon etc are called abstract nouns.Example : life,time,unity, progress, happiness, movement etc

5.Regular and irregular common nouns : 

We know that some common nouns converts into plural forms using specific suffixes like s, es ies etc.are called  regular common nouns.Example : pan - pans, baby - babies,box - boxes etc.

And some common nouns are converted into different forms are called irregular common nouns.Example : man - men, mouse - mice etc.

Nouns position : 

Nouns occupy several positions in the sentence.And it works subject,object, complement of the verb

1)The best fruit is an apple.

Fruit - subject of the verb is

An apple - complement of the linking verb is

2)The mighty king liked to hunt in the forest.

King - subject of the verb liked

Forest - complement of the preposition in

Nouns forms :

--ment , argue - argument

--ness, happy - happiness

--tion, inspect - inspection

--ation, form -formation

know - knowledge,thieve - theft

--fe, save - safe, --f, believe - belief

--th, grow - growth,--cy, vacant - vacancy etc.

2.Pronouns : 

Example : Sara is a beautiful girl.She is clever too.Here two sentences are given,in the first sentence,The word 'Sara' is a noun,and in the second sentence,She is clever too.Means who is clever too? Answer is Sara,means the word 'she'tells information about 'Sara' hence,The definition of pronoun is...

    A word that is used instead of noun it is called pronoun.Example : I,She,He,We,This,etc.

Pronouns are used to avoid to write nouns often.

Pronouns are divided into the following types , observe the table very carefully.

Personal Pronouns	Subject कर्ता	Object कर्म	possessive Adjectives षष्टी विशेशन	possessive Pronouns सर्वनाम षष्टी
First perso	I We	me Us	my Our	mine Ours
Second person	you Thou	you Thee	your Thy	yours Thy
Third person	He,She It,they	him,her It,them	his,her It's,their	His,hers .. Theirs
Instigative Pronouns	who	whom	whose	whose

Possessive adjective :This is my book.

Possessive pronouns: This book is mine.

Demonstrative pronouns :

These pronouns are used to indicates the objects those are near or far.

Example : 1) This is a cat.

    2)That is an ox.

    3)These are cows.

   4)Those were my grandfather's cattles.

Indefinite Pronouns :

When we tell the information about a group of persons,a person or some persons then we use some words like - one, none, no one/body,every one/body,some,some others etc.are called indefinite pronouns.

Example : 1)There are ten boys in the class.

2)One was strong.3)The other ones are weak.

Example : 1)Thirty five men were swimming in the lake.2)Some were tired.3)The others were still swimming.

Emphatic pronouns( जोरदर्शक सर्वनाम):

If particular things are belongs to particular person,then we use such pronouns like- myself,herself,ourselves,themselves etc are called emphatic pronouns.

Relative pronouns :

  

Sometimes it is used like conjunction but it indicates the relation about nouns.Example : that,which,what,whi,whom,whose,as etc.

Example : 1)I like a man who is very tall.

2)A boy is crying whose pen is lost.

Compound relative pronouns:

   Whoever,whoso,whatever are called compound relative pronouns.

Example : 1)Whoever hard work will be success.

  

3.Adjective : विशेषण

1)She is an intelligent woman.

2)Shraddha invited her rich friends.

 In above sentences a word 'intelligent' shows more information  pronoun(she) and a word 'rich ' shows more about Shraddha (noun) therefore,

A word that tells us more about nouns and pronouns it is called Adjective.Example : Kind, beautiful, stupid, clever, clean, strong etc

An adjective is a describing word.Example : beautiful - a beautiful girl.

The adjectives occurs different places in the sentences.

Before a noun:1)That is a clever man.

After a linking verb : 1)Raju is smart.(linking verbs -am,is,are,was,were,shall be,seems,sounds,appers etc.)

At the beginning of a clause or phrase: 1)Rich as a king.

Sometimes adjectives occurs many time in a sentences respectively.It depends upon the meaning of the sentenced,that how to write its respectively.

Example:Maya saw a kind,old, Japanese lady.

Kinds of adjectives :विशेषणाचे प्रकार

1)Adjective of Quality : गुणवाचक 

 A word that shows how is noun or pronoun?Example : Beautiful,kind, cruel smart etc.

My neighbor is very cruel.Here cruel is an adjective and it shows the quality of neighbor.

2)Adjective of Number : संख्यावाचक

A word that shows the particular ordinal(कर्मवाचक)or distributive(वर्गीकरण दर्शक)number of a noun or pronoun and how many nouns or pronouns are there in the sentence its called adjective of number. Example: Number -one,two,three,..

Ordinal number-first,second,..

Distributive number -each, every..

3) Adjective of Quantity : प्रमाणवाचक

A word that shows What is the quantity of a noun or pronoun in the sentence? It is called adjective of quantity. Example: plenty of ,a lot of,much,more enough, sufficient etc.

4) Demonstrative Adjective :दर्शक

If demonstrative pronoun(this,that,those etc) is used like demonstrative adjective it is called demonstrative adjective.Example :

Demonstrative pronoun -That is my pen.

Demonstrative adjective-That pen is mine.

5)Possessive adjective :स्वामित्व दर्शक

A word that shows the ownership of a particular noun or pronoun it is called possessive adjective

Example : his,her,my,theirs etc 1)Those are my ships. 2)It is her mobile.

6)Introgative Adjective  : प्रश्नार्थक

Wh.. word is used like adjective then it is (wh word) called introgative adjective.Example : who,which,why,what etc.

1)Which is your box?(introgative pronoun)

Which box is your?(introgative adjective)

Forming of adjectives :रूपांतरण

It occurs some changes in the given words while making adjective from noun,verb and adverb

Advantage -advantageous , glory - glorious

Anger - angry, blood- bloody

Happily - happy, artist - artistic, eye - optical,

Earth - earthen, college - collegiate,

Friend - friendly, awe - awesome, face - facial,

Admire - admirable,duty - dutiful,obey -obedient

Effect -effective, depend -dependent.

Comparison of adjectives : तुलना

Example :1)clever , cleverer, cleverest

2)hard, harder, hardest

3)wise, wiser, wisest 4)busy, busier,busiest

5)useful,more useful,most useful

6)hot, hotter,hottest 7)much,more,most

8) little,less,least,9)good,better,best.

4.Verbs : 

1)My father drives a car .

In the above sentence we know that a word 'my father' is a subject and 'a car' is an object.And a word 'drives' shows an action.If we asked the question related about noun - What does my father do? Answer - drives.

A word that refers to some action or movement and state of existence is called verb. Example : eat,run,has,had,am,were,think,purify etc.

Verbs divided into main two parts.

1)Transitive verb : Object is necessary after the verb to complete the meaning of the sentence.Example : He plays cricket.

2)Intransitive verb : Object isn't necessary after the verb to complete the meaning of the sentence.Example : They sweep.

Verbs forms :

Verbs have different forms to show the time at which the action happens.  Example -

Past:She lived in the hut.

Present: She lives in the hut.

Future :She will live in the hut.

Kinds of verb forms : 

1) Regular verb forms :

These types of verbs changed into past and past participle forms with suffixes 'd or ed' are called regular verb. Example : play,played,played.

Walk, walked,walked etc

2) Irregular verb forms :

Three forms of verbs are different into present,past, and past participle forms are called irregular verb.Example : eat,ate, eaten

Take,took,taken etc

3)Strong verb forms:

Verbs whose three forms are same are called strong verb forms.Example : put,put,put.

Bid,bid,bid   read,read,read   hit,hit,hit etc.

Auxiliaries :

It is mainly used before main verb to complete the meaning of the sentence.

There are three kinds of auxiliaries.

1)Primary auxiliary :

Be - am,is,are,was,were,shall be,will be

Have - have,has,had

Do - do,does,did

It works like main verb and helping verb therefore it is called primary verb.

2)Modal auxiliary : 

It express emotion, feeling and thoughts etc and it is necessary to write main verb after it.And modal auxiliary verbs do not use separately.

Example : can,could,may,might,must,will,would,shall, should etc.

Can- क्षमता ability (I can swim in the lake.)

Might-शक्यता possibility( It might rain today.)

Should-बंधन,सक्ति obligation, compulsion (You should obey your parents.)

3) Marginal auxiliary verbs : 

Need,dare,ought to,used to etc.

It occurs marginal auxiliaries because it works like auxiliaries but it is used like main verb too, in its proper forms.Example :1) You needn't answer to her.2)They dare not disobey his mother.

        

                         Auxiliaries

Sr.no.	auxiliaries	meaning/uses	verb forms	Marathi sentence	English sentence
1	can	Ability क्षमता शकतो	1st forms	मी जाऊ शकतो	I can go
2	could	Ability, request शक्लो	1st forms	मी जाऊ शकत होतो	I could go
3	could have	ability, शकलो असतो possibility	3rd forms	मी जाऊ शकलो असतो	I could have gone
4	may	Possibility शक्यता,permission परवानगी	1st forms	मी जाण्याची शक्यता आहे	I may go
5	might	Possibility कमी शक्यता	1st forms	मी जाण्याची शक्यता आहे	I might go
6	might have	possibilityझाल असेल अशी शक्यता	3rd forms	मी गेलो असन्याची शक्यता आहे	I might have gone
7	have/has to	compulsion सक्ति,करायचे आहे,	1st forms	मला जायच आहे	I have to go
8	had to	Compulsion कराव लागल	1st forms	मला जायच होत	I had to go
9	will have to	compulsion कराव लागेल	1st forms	मला जाव लागल	I will have  to go
10	should	Obligation बंधन	1st forms	मला जायला पाहिजे	I should go
11	should have	obligation बंधन	3rd forms	मला जायला पाहिजे होत	I should have gone
12	ought to	Obligation	1st forms	मला जायला पाहिजे	I ought to go
13	must	Compulsion सक्ति करायलाच पााहिजे	1st forms	मला जायलाच पाहिजे	I must go
14	must have	compulsion करायलाच पााहिजे होत	3rd forms	मला जायलाच पाहिजे होत	I must have gone
15	needn't	Necessity गरज	1st forms	मला जाण्याची गरज नाही	I needn't go
16	needn't have	necessity	3rd forms	मला जाण्याची गरज नव्हती	I needn't have gone
17	would	Habitual action होईल	1st forms	मी जाइन	I would go
18	would have	केल असत	3rd forms	मी गेलो असतो	I would have gone
19	had better	केलल जास्त चांगल राहिल	1st forms	मी गेलल जास्त चांगल राहिल	I had better go
20	used to	Habitual action करायचो	1st forms	मी जायचो	I used to go
21	be used to	ची सवय असणे	ing forms	मला जाण्याची सवय आहे	I am used to going
22	be able to	Ability समर्थ असणे	1st forms	मी जाण्यास समर्थ आहे	I am able to go
23	be going to	possibility करणार आहे	1st forms	मी जाणार आहे	I am going to go
24	be likely to	possibility करण्याची शक्यता	1st forms	मी जाण्याची शक्यता आहे	I am likely to go
25	be about to	possibility करण्याच्या तयारित	1st forms	मी जान्याच्या मार्गावर आहे	I am about to go

Short forms of auxiliaries:

I am - I'm, We have - we've,. Could not - couldn't

You would - you'd, He had - he'd, I will - I'll

Will not - won't,shall not - shan't,can not -can't

Must have -must've, how is -how's, That is -that's

That would - that's, where is - where's etc.

Verbs forms :

You can make verbs out of other words by putting suffixes or prefixes.Example :

Equal - equalize, note - notify

Bright - brighten,half - halve

Success- succeed, breath- breathe

Courage- encourage,power - empower

Opinion- opine, classification- classify etc.

5.Adverbs :

1)He shouts loudly. 2)Raju cuts slowly.

In the above sentences the words He and Raju  are subjects.(pronoun,noun) And shouts and cuts are verbs.But in the first sentence He shouts loudly.Means he shouts,but how does he shout? Answer is loudly.Here the word loudly gives more information about shouts.As well as in the second sentence slowly gives more information about cuts.Therefore....

A word that shows more particular information about verb is called adverb.Example : Fast, slowly, eagerly etc.

If we asked  a question to verb like when,where,how,and whatever we get answer it is an adverb. 

 Adverbs gives information about place,time, manner,degree, frequency,cause or reason, result, purpose and condition etc.

1)Adverbs of place :स्थलदर्शक

Here, there,away,down,on,near, everywhere,up, in,into,over etc  these words are used to show adverbs of places.

Example :1)Go there. 2) I shall come in. 3) policeman runs everywhere.

2)Adverbs of time :कालदर्शक

To show adverbs of time now, then, sometimes, early, today, yesterday, still, yet, recently, soon these words are used.

Example : 1)Seema went Pune yesterday.

2)Savita didn't wake up yet.

3)Adverbs of manner :रितिदर्शक

Specially --ly words are used to show adverbs of manner.example: angrily, slowly, properly,fast, aloud, straight etc

1)Seeta eats eagerly. 

2)They ran fast.

How to make --ly words? Example :

Tender - tenderly,soft - softly, clear - clearly

In the above words we suffixed -ly .

Happy - happily,lucky - luckily,steady- steadily

We removed 'y' and then suffixed 'ily'

Simple-simply, gentle- gently

Removing 'e' and then suffixed 'y'

Beautiful-beautifully, careful - carefully ,full, fully, dull - dully.

If there will be 'ful' and 'll'at the end of the word

then we have to add only 'ly' and 'y' respectively.

4)Adverbs of degree :प्रमानदर्शक

Enough,too, just, very, so, only, hardly, much, extremely these words are used to show adverbs of degree.

1)Today I am much disturbed.

2)Sada is writing  poems nowadays.

5)Adverbs of frequency : वारांवारिता दर्शक

Once,twice, again, usually, always, often, rarely etc.  these words are used to show adverbs of frequency.

1)Robert wrote once.

2)She often make fun.

6.Prepositions :शब्दयोगी अव्यय

1)She was here in August. 

In the above sentence,The words 'She and August' are nouns.verb is 'was'.The word here is adjective and the word 'in' is preposition.It shows 'time'.Therefore...

A word that is used before noun or pronoun to show time,place and position of the noun or pronoun its called preposition.Example : on,in,onto,into,off,under,out etc.

2)We built the hut with wastage material.

Here,the word 'with' is preposition,and it came between two nouns.Sometimes preposition shows the relation about to the sentence,noun or pronoun phrase etc.

Some prepositions can be used as adverbs.If the word is a preposition ,it must occur between two words and shows relation between them.If it is an adverb,it occurs on its own and modifies the verb in the sentence.

Example : 1)The fox fell in the well. 

Here the word into is showing relation between fell and well.

Modifying: The fox sat on the edge of the well and fell in.

          Prepositions diagram:

Some useful preposition :

1) in:आत, मध्ये, च्या वेळी

on :वर,च्या वेळी 

These are useful to show time and place.

Example :a)Dada met me on Sunday.(time)

b)She was there in April.(time)

C)I am playing on the roof.(place)

d)They will be in the classroom.(place)

2)at :कड़े,मध्ये,जवळ,वाजता

A)Pravin goes to school at 10 o clock.(time)

B)Suraj is at the door.(place)

C)This ring found me at the cinema hall.(place)

3)before:पूर्वी,समोर

after :नंतर,मागोमाग,मागे

A)Monday comes before Tuesday.

B)The thief stood before the judge.

C)She never went out before 7 o clock.

D)Monday comes after Sunday.

E)Asha reached there after seven.

F)The lion is running after the cat.

4)with :ने,सह,बरोबर

A)We smell with our nose.

B)Saru cuts onions with the sharpen knife.

C)Who lives with her?

5)around :च्या भोवती,सभोवती

A)Children are running around the tree.

B)They threw garbage around my house.

6)behind :मागे

A)He is behind the house.

B)India is behind 40 runs to win.

7)for :च्या करता,च्या साठी, चा वेळ

A)We work hard for our family.

B) please wait for me.

C)Raju studies for five hours every day.

D)They got it for a lakh rupees.

8)of : चा, ची,चे

A)The handle of the pan is strong.

B)Give me a cup of tea.

9)by:ने,च्या जवळ,च्या प्रमाणे, च्या वेळी

A)Shantanu goes by auto rikshaw.

B)Dara is standing by the window.

C)What is the time by your watch?

10)into:च्या आत, च्या बाहेरुन आत

A)Lata fell into the well.

B) Astronauts went into the space.

C)The crow dropped stones in the pot.

11)out of :च्या मधून बाहेर

A)She came out of the well.

B)I take a pencil out of my bag.

C)Nothing grew out of the seed.

12)through :च्या मधून,आरपार

A)The wind is passing through.

B)The old man went through the thick forest.

13)in front of :च्या समोर

A)There is a cow in front of the house.

B)Rohit made an agreement in front of bcci.

14)across : च्या पलीकडे,ला ओलांडतांना

A)The man rowed them across the river.

B) There is a bridge across the river.

15)along :कडने,बाजूबाजूने

A)Are you walking along the seashore.

B)The sun keeps moving along the horizon.

C)We all moved slowly along with the queue.

16)beside :च्या बाजूला,च्या जवळ

A)Madhu sat beside him

B)The king was sitting on the horse with weapons and swords beside him.

17)without :च्या शिवाय,च्या खेरिज

A)I go to school without uniform.

B)We shouldn't do everything without telling our parents.

6)Adverbs of reason or cause : कारण दर्शक

As, because, therefore, hence etc are used for adverbs of reason or cause.

1)He threatened him because they destroyed his things.

2)She studied hard therefore she passed with merit.

7)Adverbs of result: परिणाम दर्शक

So that, so...That, such .. that are used to show adverbs of results.

1)Sujata is such a good lady that all respect her.

2)They are so timid that they can't do it.

8)Adverbs of purpose :उद्दिष्ट दर्शक

That, in order that and lest shows adverbs of purpose.

1)He  worried about his study so that he might accomplish it.

2)We dance so that we may fun.

 9)Adverbs of condition :अट दर्शक

If, whether, unless etc are used to show adverbs of condition.

1)If you cut it, I shall become nervous.

2)Unless she work faster,she will late to do it.

7.Conjunction :

1)Maya works hard and Asha fetch water.

There are two main sentences in the above sentence.

Subjects उद्देश्य :Maya,Asha

Predicateविधेय :works hard, fetch water.

If there are two or many sentences in a sentence, each separate sentence is called clause उपवाक्य.

And these two sentences joined with a word 'and'.

Hence, 

A word used to combine two or many sentences is called as conjunction.

Example: and,but,if, because, whether,to ,that, etc.

Kinds of conjunctions:

1)Co - ordinating conjunctions : We know that, in the following sentence the word 'and' joins two main sentences.

Maya works hard and Asha fetch water.

Here the word 'and' is called co - ordinating conjunction. It is known as compound sentence.Example : and,but,or, therefore,either or,neither ..Or etc are co - ordinating conjunction.

2)When no one was looking , Robert ate all the cookies.

Subject : when no one,  Robert

Predicate:was looking, ate all the cookies.

We know there are two clauses in above sentence.

First clause : When no one was looking,

Means it will happen something ahead..

This is incomplete clause because it can't express full meaning.

But as we read the second one clause,it becomes complete the meaning of the sentence.These conjunctions are called sub co - ordinating conjunction.And it is known as complex sentence . Example : when,who,whose,that,to, which, because,after,while,till,where,though etc.

Sub co - ordinating conjunctions are divided into three main parts: a)Noun clause b)adjective clause c)adverb clause.

some words work like noun it is called noun clause.Exam : 

1)I write what he says.

2)Who he is don't care.

It works like nouns, pronouns or adjectives it is called adjective clause.

1)Those were the girls who went to the garden.

2)The book which design new is mine.

An adverb clause is a subordinate or dependent clause that works  as an adverb. It can modify any verb or adjective.

1)Do it as He tells you.

2)They gave me money when it was least expected.

Simple sentences: 

1)Rama danced well on Garaba.

Subject : Rama

Predicate: danced well on Garaba.

There is no clause in the above sentence.There has one subject,and one predicate.These sentences are called simple sentences.

Uses of conjunctions:

As, since, because these are used to show reasons.

1)As it is arriving the train,I shall leave this place.

2)Since she was in happy mood,We always went to her.

3)A man was punished because he stole his money.

Not only...But also:

It is used to make compound sentence.And it joins two sentences which are same quality or both are main.

1)Radha is beautiful.Radha is clever.

Here both sentences are separate and equal means each has special quality.

Answer: Radha is not only beautiful but also clever.

Adverb clause of time :

The sentences are started with when,while, after,before,as, as soon as, no sooner..Than, till, until etc it shows time in the subordinate clause.

1)As soon as he saw a snake,he shouted.

Here 'he shouted'is a main clause.If asked the question to main clause,its answer will be ....

When did he shout? Answer : As soon as he saw a snake.

2)We shall phone you when my mother comes.

3)As soon as the teacher entered in the classroom,the students stood up.

No sooner ..Than : No sooner did the teacher enter in the classroom than the students stood up.

Adverb clause condition : if,unless are known as adverbs of condition clause.

1)If you study hard ,you will success.

Here if you study hard,this sentence isn't meaningful,it is depending upon next sentence.

You will success.This sentence is meaningful.But when will you success? Answer: if you study hard.This is the main condition to complete the next sentence meaning.

2)If you eat an apple,you will get a mango.

Unless : Unless you eat an apple,you won't get a mango.

8.Interjections :केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय

A word or phrase used to express some sudden strong feelings or emotions is called intersection. 

Example : Alas !अरेरे,

Oh ! अहो  , Ha ha ! हा हा, Hurrah !  हुरे,  Hush ! चुप,  Bravo ! शाब्बास, Ouch ! आह, Well done ! शाब्बास, What ! काय, How! कसे ! Etc.

Some sentences begin with such interjections  are called exclamatory sentences.Example : 

1)Bravo ! You accomplish it !

2)What an idea !

3)How strong it is !

4)Great !

5)oh ! My Lord !

The interjections are used on the particular occasions.

Ha ha ! - to show happiness, teasing others.

Bravo !, Great ! - if someone completed his or her work with darely.

Alas ! - to express sorrow, grief

Hello ! -  to namastey

Wow ! - to show surprise.

What ! - to show surprise ,threat

How ! - to know 

Hurrah ! - to express pleasure